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mycorrhizal network
Mycorrhizal networks (also known as common mycorrhizal networks - CMN) are underground hyphal networks created by mycorrhizal fungi that connect individual plants together and transfer water, carbon, and nutrients. The formation of these networks is context dependent, and can be influenced by soil fertility, resource availability, host or myco-symbiont genotype, disturbance and seasonal variation.〔Simard, S.W.; Beiler, K.J.; Bingham, M.A.; Deslippe, J.R.; Philip, L.J. and Teste, F.P. 2012. "Mycorrhizal networks: Mechanisms, ecology and modeling". "Fungal Biology Review" 26: 39-60〕
==Substances transferred through mycorrhizal networks==
Several studies have demonstrated that mycorrhizal networks can transport carbon,〔Selosse M.A., Richard F., He X., Simard S.W. 2006. "Mycorrhizal networks: des liaisons dangereuses?". ''Trends in ecology and evolution '' 21: 621–628.〕〔Teste F.P., Simard S.W., Durall D.M. 2009. "Role of mycorrhizal networks and tree proximity in ectomycorrhizal colonization of planted seedlings". "Fungal Ecology" 2: 21-33.〕〔Hynson N.A., Mambelli S., Amend A.S., Dawson T.E. 2012. "Measuring carbon gains from fungal networks in understory plants from the tribe Pyroleae (Ericaceae): a field manipulation and stable isotope approach". "Oecologia" 169: 307–317.〕 phosphorus,〔Eason W.R., Newman E.I., Chuba P.N. 1991. "Specificity of interplant cycling of phosphorus: the role of mycorrhizas". "Plant Soil" 137: 267-274.〕 nitrogen,〔He X.H., Critchley C., Ng H. 2004. "Reciprocal N (15NH4+or 15NO3) transfer between non-N2-fixing Eucalyptus maculata and N2-fixing Casuarina cunninghamiana linked by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus sp". "New Phytologist" 163: 629–40.〕〔He X., Xu M., Qui G.Y., Zhou J. 2009. "Use of 15N stable isotope to quantify nitrogen transfer between mycorrhizal plants". "Journal of Plant Ecology" 2(3):107–118.〕 water,〔Bingham M.A., Simard S.W. 2011."Do mycorrhizal network benefits to survival and growth of interior Douglas-fir seed- lings increase with soil moisture stress?". "Ecol. Evol." 1: 306-316.〕 defense compounds,〔Song Y.Y., Zeng R.S., Xu J.F., Li J., Shen X., Yihdego W.G. 2010. "Interplant communication of tomato plants through underground common mycorrhizal networks". "PLoS ONE" 5: e13324.〕 and allelochemicals 〔Barto E.K., Hilker M., Muller F., Mohney B.K., Weidenhamer J.D., Rillig M.C., 2011. "The fungal fast land: common mycorrhizal networks extend bioactive zones of al- lelochemicals in soils". "PLoS ONE" 6: e27195.〕〔Barto E.K., Weidenhamer J.D., Cipollini D., Rillig M.C. 2012. "Fungal superhighways: do common mycorrhizal networks enhance below ground communication?". "Trends in Plant Science" 17(11): 633-637.〕 from plant to plant. The flux of nutrients and water through hyphal networks has been proposed to be driven by a source-sink model,〔 where plants growing under conditions of relatively high resource availability (e.g., high light or high nitrogen environments) transfer carbon or nutrients to plants located in less favorable conditions. A common example is the transfer of carbon from plants with leaves located in high light conditions in the forest canopy, to plants located in the shaded understory where light availability limits photosynthesis.
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